E Commerce

Web based business points of interest and disservices E-trade gives numerous better approaches to organizations and customers to convey and lead business. There are various favorable circumstances and detriments of leading business as such. Web based business focal points Some focal points that can be accomplished from web based business include: †¢Being ready to lead business 24 x 7 x 365 . Online business frameworks can work throughout the day consistently. Your physical retail facade shouldn't be open all together for clients and providers to work with you electronically. Access the worldwide commercial center . The Internet traverses the world, and it is conceivable to work with any business or individual who is associated with the Internet. Straightforward nearby organizations, for example, master record stores can market and sell their contributions globally utilizing online business. This worldwide open door is helped by the way that, in contrast to customary specialized techniques, clients are not charged by the separation over which they are imparting. Speed. Electronic correspondences permit messages to cross the world immediately. There is no compelling reason to trust that an index will show up by post: that correspondences delay isn't a piece of the Internet/web based business world. †¢Marketspace. The market wherein online organizations work is the worldwide market. It may not be obvious to them, yet numerous organizations are as of now confronting worldwide rivalry from web-empowered organizations. †¢Opportunity to diminish costs. The Internet makes it simple to ‘shop around' for items and administrations that might be less expensive or more compelling than we may somehow or another settle for. It is in some cases conceivable to, through some online exploration, recognize unique producers for certain merchandise †subsequently bypassing wholesalers and accomplishing a less expensive cost. †¢Computer stage autonomous . ‘Many, if not most, PCs can impart by means of the Internet free of working frameworks and equipment. Clients are not constrained by existing equipment frameworks' (Gascoyne and Ozcubukcu, 1997:87). †¢Efficient applications advancement condition †‘In numerous regards, applications can be all the more effectively created and dispersed on the grounds that the can be worked regardless of the client's or the colleague's innovation stage. Application refreshes don't need to be physically introduced on PCs. Or maybe, Internet-related advancements give this capacity characteristically through programmed sending of programming updates' (Gascoyne and Ozcubukcu, 1997:87). Permitting client self assistance and ‘customer redistributing'. Individuals can connect with organizations at any hour of the day that it is helpful to them, and in light of the fact that these communications are started by clients, the clients additionally give a ton of the information for the exchange that may some way or another should be entered by business staff. This implies a portion of the work and expenses are viably moved to clients; this is alluded to as ‘customer re-appropriating'. †¢Stepping past outskirts to a worldwide view. Utilizing parts of internet business innovation can mean your business can source and use items and administrations gave by different organizations in different nations. This appears glaringly evident enough to state, yet individuals don't generally consider the ramifications of online business. For instance, from multiple points of view it very well may be simpler and less expensive to have and work some online business exercises outside Australia. Further, in light of the fact that numerous internet business exchanges include charge cards, numerous organizations in Australia need to make courses of action for tolerating on the web installments. Anyway various significant Australian banks have would in general be unhelpful slow pokes on this front, charging a great deal of cash and making it hard to build up these courses of action †especially for littler organizations as well as organizations that don't fit into a customary economy comprehension of business. Now and again, along these lines, it tends to be simpler and less expensive to set up game plans which sidestep this part of the Australian financial framework. In fact, this can make some ill defined situations for lawful and tax collection purposes, however these can be managed. Furthermore, yes these conditions do have suggestions for Australia's national intensity and the seriousness of our enterprises and organizations. As a further idea, numerous organizations think that its simpler to purchase and sell in U. S. dollars: it is successfully the significant cash of the Internet. In this specific circumstance, worldwide online clients can discover the idea of particular and new monetary forms perplexing. A few organizations discover they can accomplish more significant expenses on the web and in US dollars than they would accomplish selling locally or broadly. Given that banks regularly charge expenses for changing over monetary standards, this is another motivation to examine the entirety of your (national and worldwide) choices for tolerating and making on the web installments. In a nutshell, it is valuable to take a worldwide view with respect the potential and association of your online business exercises, particularly in the event that you are focusing on worldwide clients. †¢A new showcasing channel. The Internet gives a significant new channel to offer to shoppers. Peterson et al. 1999) recommend that, as a promoting channel, the Internet has the accompanying qualities: †¢the capacity to reasonably store huge measures of data at various virtual areas †¢the accessibility of incredible and modest methods for looking, arranging, and spreading such data †¢interactivity and the capacity to give data on request †¢the capacity to give perceptual encounters that are far better than a printed list, despite the fact t hat not as rich as close to home assessment †¢the ability to fill in as an exchange medium the capacity to fill in as a physical circulation vehicle for specific merchandise (e. g. , programming) †¢relatively low passage and foundation costs for dealers †¢no other existing showcasing channel has these qualities. A portion of these points of interest and their encompassing issues are talked about beneath in further detail. Online business detriments and limitations Some burdens and requirements of internet business incorporate the accompanying. †¢Time for conveyance of physical items . It is conceivable to visit a nearby music store and exit with a conservative circle, or a book shop and leave with a book. Internet business is regularly used to purchase products that are not accessible locally from organizations everywhere throughout the world, implying that physical merchandise should be conveyed, which requires some investment and costs cash. Now and again there are ways around this, for instance, with electronic records of the music or books being gotten to over the Internet, yet then these are not physical merchandise. †¢Physical item, provider and conveyance vulnerability . At the point when you leave a shop with a thing, it's yours. You have it; you recognize what it is, the place it is and what it looks like. In certain regards web based business buys are made on trust. This is on the grounds that, right off the bat, not having had physical access to the item, a buy is made on a desire for what that item is and its condition. Besides, in light of the fact that providing organizations can be directed over the world, it tends to be dubious whether they are genuine organizations and are not simply going to take your cash. It's really difficult to thump on their entryway to grumble or look for lawful response! Thirdly, regardless of whether the thing is sent, it is anything but difficult to begin pondering whether it will ever show up. †¢Perishable merchandise . Disregard requesting a solitary gelato frozen yogurt from a shop in Rome! In spite of the fact that particular or refrigerated vehicle can be utilized, merchandise purchased and sold by means of the Internet will in general be solid and durable: they have to endure the excursion from the provider to the buying industry or buyer. This moves the inclination for transitory or potentially non-strong products back towards customary gracefully chain courses of action, or towards generally increasingly nearby web based business based buys, deals and appropriation. Conversely, tough merchandise can be exchanged from nearly anybody to nearly any other individual, starting rivalry at lower costs. At times this prompts disintermediation wherein delegate individuals and organizations are avoided by shoppers and by different organizations that are looking to buy all the more straightforwardly from makers. †¢Limited and chosen tactile data. The Internet is a viable course for visual and sound-related data: seeing pictures, hearing sounds and understanding content. Anyway it doesn't permit full extension for our faculties: we can see photos of the blossoms, however not smell their scent; we can see photos of a sledge, yet not feel its weight or equalization. Further, when we get and examine something, we pick what we take a gander at and what we look like at it. This isn't the situation on the Internet. In the event that we were taking a gander at purchasing a vehicle on the Internet, we would see the photos the merchant had decided for us to see yet not the things we may search for on the off chance that we had the option to see it face to face. What's more, considering our different faculties, we can't test the vehicle to hear the sound of the motor as it switches gears or sense the smell and feel of the calfskin seats. There are numerous manners by which the Internet doesn't pass on the extravagance of encounters of the world. This absence of tactile data implies that individuals are regularly considerably more open to purchasing through the Internet nonexclusive products †things that they have seen or experienced previously and about which there is little uncertainty, as opposed to extraordinary or complex things. †¢Returning products. Returning merchandise online can be a region of trouble. The vulnerabilities encompassing the underlying installment and conveyance of products can be exacerbated in this procedure. Will the products return to their source? Who pays for the arrival postage? Will the discount be paid? Will I be left with nothing? To what extent will it take? Balance this with the disconnected understanding of returning products to a shop. †¢Privacy, security, paymen

The levels of organizational change readiness

The degrees of hierarchical change availability This section will show my contrived system of the change model to survey the degree of availability for change at AFH,across divisions and units; to answer the major and minor research questions; and to accomplish the examination objective. The concocted structure will be inspected and assessed by the utilization of its various factors in this paper. This section will represent the examination issue, inspecting technique, suggestions and information investigation strategy. 3.2 Problem Statement Senior administration chose to bring new gear into all divisions over the clinic. This has been a significant change venture that began in 2007. The principle preferences of this change remember a decrease for the pace of human mistake and an expansion in the creation of patient reports. Notwithstanding the positive effect this change would have on the methods of working in the medical clinic, representatives had not been educated regarding any change preceding it being presented, and were in this manner not prepared to acknowledge the better approaches for working. Explanations behind this absence of acknowledgment will be talked about later in this paper, including: No correspondence between senior administration and their staff. (Kotter, 2007). Preparing not being made accessible to all staff. (Lehman et al, 2002). Individuals opposing change because of both absence of capacity and information, and their contending responsibility of the huge suppositions they will have made with respect to the change procedure. (Kegan and Lahey, 2001). Powerless administration style, for instance, not including representatives in the dynamic procedure. (Garvin and Roberto, 2001). Powerless initiative style, for example, not plainly clarifying the new vision that would originate from the change (Garvin and Roberto, 2001). The degree of status for change at AFH will be surveyed and assessed by applying the change preparation model from the writing with the goal that the association can accomplish its objective of a finishing an effective change process. What's more, AFH is experiencing further authoritative change supplanting existing chiefs with new administrators and another structure, in view of the choice of the Ministry of Defense Headquarters in 2010. This change has been executed in the organization division at AFH just as across different offices and units. A portion of the divisions have expanded in size and different offices have needed to raise staffing levels because of the expanded number of patients every year. Objectives of the Armed Forces Hospital (AFH): To increase upper hand through improving the nature of work-stream by meeting the patients needs using exceptionally specific and state-of-the-art hardware; to guarantee the exactness of results and to diminish the pace of human blunder; to deliver an expanded degree of patient outcomes all the more effectively. 3.3 Research Objective: The primary goal of the theory is to consider the degree of hierarchical change status in various divisions of the emergency clinic. Making an acknowledgment for the need to actualize change in the various branches of the clinic will bring about the association accomplishing its objective of improving the nature of work to treat more patients in less time. which thus will prompt more noteworthy patient and representative fulfillment. To make helpful proposals. To get familiar with status for change at AFH. 3.4 Conceptual Framework The conceived structure is a blend of the Transformational Change Model, John P. Kotter (2007) and the Model of Change Program, Simpson (2002). The calculated system has six factors that influence the degree of preparation for change for our situation study association (AFH) in Kuwait. We will utilize both subjective (semi-organized meetings) and quantitative (overviews) strategies for research to gather our information. Staff Empowerment Authority Skills Correspondence PC accessibility web get to Sufficient qualified staff Sufficient Budget Sufficient space for every worker Collaboration Vision Hierarchical Resources Status for hierarchical change Figure 3.1 Conceptual Framework 3.4.1 Dependent Variable of the Model as the accompanying Prepared for Organizational Change Judge and Douglas (2009) have characterized representative availability for change as the degree to which an individual or people are subjectively and genuinely slanted to acknowledge, grasp and receive a specific arrangement to intentionally modify the norm. (Judge and Douglas, 2009, P. 637). Arlbjorn et al (2006) have characterized change status in an association that the member increases a comprehension of the need to make change in the association and show an eagerness to partake in the change. (Arlbjorn et al, 2006, P. 129). He alludes to the significance of staff contribution in the entire excursion of the change procedure (Arlbjorn et al, 2006). He likewise alludes to the significance of hierarchical arrangement where workers from various branches of the association take part in the change procedure and talk about shared issues and issues during bunch works out. (Arlbjorn et al, 2006, P. 133). An association that includes its workers at all levels and which has hierarchical arrangement during the change procedure has a satisfactory degree of association status for change. Our exploration will evaluate the hierarchical preparation for change through a study of 20 inquiries to survey workers by and large availability for change, and 26 meetings to discover the impact and the connection of the 6 distinctive free factors of our model on the authoritative status for change. 3.4.2 Independent Variables of the Model as the accompanying Strengthening: Associations are presently confronting intense rivalry in a fierce outside condition. So as to guarantee their endurance they have to have supported upper hand apparent advantages and points of interest over their rivals. Upper hand gives an association the capacity to expand the estimation of the organization for its partners. There is a need to change the manner in which they work by moving endlessly from the conventional hierarchal and bureaucratic model of association to the assignment of duties to representatives and giving greater responsibility further down the progressive system to the principal line workers (Beer et al, 1990). This is finished by urging representatives to settle on increasingly autonomous choices at work without the need to continually allude to their bosses. Menon (2001) characterized representative strengthening as the exchange of hierarchical force, invigorating supporters through administration, upgrading self-adequacy through diminishing feebleness and expanding inborn undertaking inspiration (Menon, 2001, P. 154). Strengthening has been utilized to give the demonstration of enabling others and furthermore to depict the inner procedure of the individual being engaged for example mental strengthening. Strengthening implies the appointing of duties to different workers in dynamic that won't just inspire them however make them increasingly imaginative towards the new change venture which will build work independence and cause work advancement (Menon, 2001, P. 155). A decent pioneer consistently engages their staff so as to play out their work and settle on free choices. Administration: Administration is a relationship through which one individual impacts the conduct or activities of others (Crossman, 2007, P. 514). Another definition is the capacity to impact a gathering toward the accomplishment of objectives (Robbins, 2005, P. 332). Consumes (1978) has described transformational initiative through the accompanying attributes: Changes the state of affairs Ready to change the association In view of imagination and development Reason to incite responsibility of the pioneer and the staff also to the change procedure In a fruitful transformational process we have to recognize the significance of administration aptitudes, for example, compelling correspondence, designation of duties to different workers and responsibility. Present day change speculations have stressed both the significance of and the job of a vital change pioneer in an association who upgrades the interest and collaboration of their partners in the dynamic procedure. This is not normal for the customary change hypotheses where the accentuation was on the chief for the everyday activity of the business (Almaraz, 1994). Likewise there is a need to have senior administration backing and responsibility towards the change procedure to make the necessary degree of status in an association. In a fruitful change process it is imperative to build up a change venture by having capable workers and by having participative pioneers that empower specific preparing for their staff as opposed to mandate administrators to gain change (Arlbjorn et al, 2006). A change head must know the procedure of change and skill to make and convey a reasonable change message to workers. This message decides the idea of the change and shows how representatives respond diversely to the change procedure (Armenakis and Harris. 2002). Change pioneers should likewise realize how to address any inquiries or concerns staff have with respect to the requirement for change in an appropriate, persuading way. They should have the option to give unmistakable proof to pick up the help of their workers and their promise to the change procedure (Armenakis and Harris. 2002). Correspondence: Correspondence in an association is the best wellspring of learning and building up any change procedure. Normal gatherings, meetings and instructive projects would all be able to encourage learning and increment the competency levels of staffing so as to arrive at the hierarchical objective of having a fruitful change and satisfactory degree of availability for change (Beer et al, 1990). A change chief must impart the change message to representatives all the time. They should realize how to acquaint them with, and persuade them regarding the new change vision through ordinary gatherings to talk about business related issues, the new change plan and techniques on how

Generating and Pitching Story Ideas

Generating and Pitching Story Ideas With the ubiquitous presence of the Internet, coming up with story pitches and finding out where to pitch them has never been easier. There are publications for just about any hobby, industry, quirk, fetish, subculture and subject you could possibly think of. And resources abound for reaching them.Unlike assignments, with pitches you get to propose writing about something you choose. So think about what you would like to write aboutâ€"stamp collecting? Minorities in the construction industry? Your personal experience with heartbreak? Whatever the subject is, you should be ready to research it, interview people about it and spend a lot of time thinking about it.Nothing new under the sunOf course, whatever it is youve thought of pitching, chances are its been written about before. So you have to find out where and how. Lexis-Nexis, usually available at the local library, is an excellent way to research articles on a certain subject. Google searches on the Web or archive searches on reg istered websites for major publications (which is usually free, although pulling up the archived stories in full may not be) can also give you a reasonable body of material. And plenty of websites with articles on that subject will pop up for free. Also check for organizations that relate to that topic, because they often list articles as well.Shape your pitch with a new angleYou dont have to search for every story written on the subject since the dawn of time. Lets say its a pitch about women in the construction industry. Dont worry about the articles written on this subject that date back more than five years ago. Thats ancient history in the world of publications. Youll probably find a good selection of stories written in major dailies and small weeklies within the past five years, but thats where the next tip comes in.Lets say you find that the New York Times has published a story about the struggles of women to succeed in the construction industry. Does that mean your pitch is already taken? Absolutely not. What it means is that you read the story, get a sense of what it did cover, and shape your pitch so that it will cover a whole new angle or idea that the Times story didnt. Did the Times story talk about women who faced discrimination and went on to own their own firms? Then think about interviewing women who dont own their own firms, but who operate cranes or weld iron. Youll look for women whose stories werent told by the Times. Even if the issue of discrimination is the same, every individuals story is different. Just as good literature offers new twists to old plots, so you can offer new twists to subjects of articles.Also, consider localizing a story for a local publication. Journalists for smaller hometown newspapers often take a story of national interest and apply it to their hometown readers. For example, the Atkins Diet is a nation-wide trend, but you could interview local bakeries about whether theyre losing business, and pitch the story to the editor of a local publication.Now you have to find publications to pitch your great idea to. Fortunately, its not nearly as tough as pitching your book to publishers. I pitched several stories successfully to the New York Times Money Business section via e-mail. This was made possible by nothing more than having the right name and e-mail address. A colleague had the email and name of the Money Business editor. I sent the guy an email with a story proposal that he accepted.Editors, especially at dailies, will be typically harried and easily distracted from strange e-mails. So you have to get straight to the point, while still being polite. Make it clear in the header that you are pitching a story about thus-and-so. Dont ramble on in the body; if the editor wants to know more about your credentials or history, he or she will ask for it. Just pitch the story, emphasizing why it would be something the publications audience will eat up with their coffee or lunch. I believe this top ic/angle/knowledge would be of great interest to your readers because…. Attaching your resume wouldnt hurt, and you can offer to send examples of your writing if the editor wants to follow up.You can also, of course, use snail mail. Be aware, though, that particularly busy editors may take more time to plow through stacks of envelopes than to browse their email inboxes.If there is a particular publication you want to work for, call their main number and ask for editorial. You should be able to find out fairly quickly whether they are accepting freelance articles or not. Checking the website for that publication may also answer the question.An excellent online resource for insider tips on pitching to specific publications is at mediabistro.com. It does require a paid membership, though registration to access job listings that may include freelance opportunities is free. The pitch tips feature a specific publication each day and tell you what the deal is.Take the time to read throug h a particular publication to get a sense of what kind of stories it wants. Editors find it very irritating to receive unsolicited pitches that arent appropriate for their publication. Dont assume! For example, I edit transportation stories for a weekly construction magazine. I look for stories about building major highways, bridges, rail systems and airports. If somebody sends me a pitch about manufacturing the next generation of clean-air buses, that means they didnt take them to glance through the magazine and realize that we dont cover that industry. The pitcher only saw the title transportation editor and made an assumption.That writer, however, could probably do a bit more research and find out that there are indeed several magazines that cater to the suppliers, builders and users of clean-air buses. The writer could also check out publications whose main audiences consists of concerned usersâ€"i.e. environmentalistsâ€"and pitch the story with emissions in mind. It will be a s lightly different pitch to the publication who caters to transit agency officials who buy the buses.When you show that youve taken the time to find out a little bit about a given publication and thus pitch it a story that would work for its readership, youre inherently advertising that youre a good journalist and writer who does your homework.

Generating and Pitching Story Ideas

Generating and Pitching Story Ideas With the ubiquitous presence of the Internet, coming up with story pitches and finding out where to pitch them has never been easier. There are publications for just about any hobby, industry, quirk, fetish, subculture and subject you could possibly think of. And resources abound for reaching them.Unlike assignments, with pitches you get to propose writing about something you choose. So think about what you would like to write aboutâ€"stamp collecting? Minorities in the construction industry? Your personal experience with heartbreak? Whatever the subject is, you should be ready to research it, interview people about it and spend a lot of time thinking about it.Nothing new under the sunOf course, whatever it is youve thought of pitching, chances are its been written about before. So you have to find out where and how. Lexis-Nexis, usually available at the local library, is an excellent way to research articles on a certain subject. Google searches on the Web or archive searches on reg istered websites for major publications (which is usually free, although pulling up the archived stories in full may not be) can also give you a reasonable body of material. And plenty of websites with articles on that subject will pop up for free. Also check for organizations that relate to that topic, because they often list articles as well.Shape your pitch with a new angleYou dont have to search for every story written on the subject since the dawn of time. Lets say its a pitch about women in the construction industry. Dont worry about the articles written on this subject that date back more than five years ago. Thats ancient history in the world of publications. Youll probably find a good selection of stories written in major dailies and small weeklies within the past five years, but thats where the next tip comes in.Lets say you find that the New York Times has published a story about the struggles of women to succeed in the construction industry. Does that mean your pitch is already taken? Absolutely not. What it means is that you read the story, get a sense of what it did cover, and shape your pitch so that it will cover a whole new angle or idea that the Times story didnt. Did the Times story talk about women who faced discrimination and went on to own their own firms? Then think about interviewing women who dont own their own firms, but who operate cranes or weld iron. Youll look for women whose stories werent told by the Times. Even if the issue of discrimination is the same, every individuals story is different. Just as good literature offers new twists to old plots, so you can offer new twists to subjects of articles.Also, consider localizing a story for a local publication. Journalists for smaller hometown newspapers often take a story of national interest and apply it to their hometown readers. For example, the Atkins Diet is a nation-wide trend, but you could interview local bakeries about whether theyre losing business, and pitch the story to the editor of a local publication.Now you have to find publications to pitch your great idea to. Fortunately, its not nearly as tough as pitching your book to publishers. I pitched several stories successfully to the New York Times Money Business section via e-mail. This was made possible by nothing more than having the right name and e-mail address. A colleague had the email and name of the Money Business editor. I sent the guy an email with a story proposal that he accepted.Editors, especially at dailies, will be typically harried and easily distracted from strange e-mails. So you have to get straight to the point, while still being polite. Make it clear in the header that you are pitching a story about thus-and-so. Dont ramble on in the body; if the editor wants to know more about your credentials or history, he or she will ask for it. Just pitch the story, emphasizing why it would be something the publications audience will eat up with their coffee or lunch. I believe this top ic/angle/knowledge would be of great interest to your readers because…. Attaching your resume wouldnt hurt, and you can offer to send examples of your writing if the editor wants to follow up.You can also, of course, use snail mail. Be aware, though, that particularly busy editors may take more time to plow through stacks of envelopes than to browse their email inboxes.If there is a particular publication you want to work for, call their main number and ask for editorial. You should be able to find out fairly quickly whether they are accepting freelance articles or not. Checking the website for that publication may also answer the question.An excellent online resource for insider tips on pitching to specific publications is at mediabistro.com. It does require a paid membership, though registration to access job listings that may include freelance opportunities is free. The pitch tips feature a specific publication each day and tell you what the deal is.Take the time to read throug h a particular publication to get a sense of what kind of stories it wants. Editors find it very irritating to receive unsolicited pitches that arent appropriate for their publication. Dont assume! For example, I edit transportation stories for a weekly construction magazine. I look for stories about building major highways, bridges, rail systems and airports. If somebody sends me a pitch about manufacturing the next generation of clean-air buses, that means they didnt take them to glance through the magazine and realize that we dont cover that industry. The pitcher only saw the title transportation editor and made an assumption.That writer, however, could probably do a bit more research and find out that there are indeed several magazines that cater to the suppliers, builders and users of clean-air buses. The writer could also check out publications whose main audiences consists of concerned usersâ€"i.e. environmentalistsâ€"and pitch the story with emissions in mind. It will be a s lightly different pitch to the publication who caters to transit agency officials who buy the buses.When you show that youve taken the time to find out a little bit about a given publication and thus pitch it a story that would work for its readership, youre inherently advertising that youre a good journalist and writer who does your homework.

Palm Beach International Airport Free Essay Example, 2500 words

This paper tells that Palm Beach International Airport currently serves nearly six million passengers a year, non-stop service, to over 35 destinations with its three asphalt runways, the main terminal, and three concourses. On December 17th, 2009, the runway designations and markings were changed to 10L/28R (10008 * 150 ft) for primary commercial aircraft and is capable of supporting single wheel, double wheel, and double tandem aircraft operations of 85000 to 400000 pounds, the runway is equipped with an Instrument Landing System, with a 4 light PAPI and it uses a medium intensity approach lighting system. Runway10R/28L (3213 * 75 ft) is for non-jet general aviation traffic and is capable of supporting single wheel aircraft operations of 25,000 pounds; it uses a 4 light PAPI on right and has Runway end identifier lights. The only crosswind runway 14/32 (6931 * 150ft) is capable of handling single wheel to double tandem wheel aircraft of 85,000 to 400,000 pounds respectively, it is a non-precision runway and has a 4 light PAPI on the right. General distresses on the runways include cracking, weathering, and swelling but at very low levels. We will write a custom essay sample on Palm Beach International Airport or any topic specifically for you Only $17.96 $11.86/page Palm Beach International Airport recently completed an expansion project which doubled their TSA Screening size and also expanded their immigration process to speed up all passenger queues.

Advantages And Limitations Of Each Source Of Finance Finance Essay - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 17 Words: 4966 Downloads: 9 Date added: 2017/06/26 Category Finance Essay Type Research paper Did you like this example? This assignment covers all detail about sources of finance. The aim of the research is to identify different sources of finance like short-term finance, medium-term finance and long-term finance. The first part of the assignment gives you an introduction about sources of finance. The second part covers short-term sources of finance and their advantages and limitations. The third part covers medium-term sources of finance and their advantages and disadvantages. And the last part covers long-term sources of finance and its merits and demerits. Sources of Finance Introduction As you know food is necessary for human life. Similarly finance is the heart of any business. It is most important for modern business, which requires huge capital. Finance could be needed for new businesses, when they recover a cash flow problem, new machinery, set up a new plant or takeover another business. Generally funds required for businesses are classified into short term, medium term and long term. In this section we look at the different source of finance and see the advantages and limitations of each. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Advantages And Limitations Of Each Source Of Finance Finance Essay" essay for you Create order Business Leasing Public Deposit Mortgage Shares -Equity Share -Preference Share Debentures Retained Earning Commercial Bank Loan Borrowing Trade Credit Overdraft Bill Discounting Customers Advances Instalment Credits Loan from Co-operative banks Short Term Source Long Term Source Medium Term Source Sources of Finance Short Term Sources of Finance Definition When we want to establish a new business, it is essential to know the amount of finance required. Some sources are overdraft, customer advances, loan from co-operatives, cash and trade credit etc. that make money for short time. It is called short-term source of finance. Generally Short-term is only for 1 year. In this section we learn about above source of finance and their relative advantages and limitations. Short-term sources of finance: Trade Credit Overdraft Discounting of bills Customers advances Instalment Credit Loan from co-operative bank Trade Credit : Providing business customers with time to arrange for the payment of goods they have already received. This period is one of the interest free credit. It is a costly source of finance. Trade credit is used when the buyer is not able to pay the real cost of goods. 1Trade credit refers to credit granted to manufactures and traders by the suppliers of the raw materials, finished goods, components etc. Usually business enterprises by supplies on a 30 to 90 days credit. Advantages of Trade Credit: If new business start up has trade credit, they will not need more money in capital. It is a good idea to someone who want to start a new business with less money. You can buy goods and make payment later when you sold all the goods and get some money or make a good profit. The time period may be after 25-30 days. Business can look in good position without having any serious trouble in immediate payment, which may set them back. Trade Credit improve the cash flow and provide easy platform for business. With the trade credit, business can focus on other area like sales, marketing and other research. Trade credit is available only with purchase of raw material or finished goods. The term and conditions of trade credit very according to the custom and usage of trade. Disadvantages of Trade Credit: If repayments are not made by in time, the business will receive a very bad credit history. They will not trusted in the future, if your business require any loan or trade credit. If company has a good credit history, it will get trade credit but these can be hard to build up for new business. Overdraft : It is a common source of short term finance because of its flexibility. When borrowed fund are not require longer time they can pay easily and quick. The risks to the lender are less then a long term loan because it is very cheap. 2When a bank allows its depositors or account holders to withdraw money in excess of the balance in his account upto a specified limit, it is known as overdraft facility. This limit is granted purely on the basis of credit-worthiness of the borrower. Advantages of Overdraft: Flexible 3 An overdraft is there when you need it and cost is zero (in case of small fee) when you do not need. It allows you to make essential payments whilst chasing up your own payments, and helps to maintain cash flow. Quick It is very easy and quick to arrange, providing a good cash flow backup with the minimum of fuss. It allow to make essential payment whilst chasing up your own payment and help to maintain cash flow. You only need to borrow what you need at that time. Disadvantages of Overdraft: Cost Sometimes it carry very higher interest rates and fees then loan. This makes them very expensive. Recall The bank can take back the entire overdraft amount at any time if you have broken terms and conditions or it may happen if you fail to make other payment. Security Overdraft may need to be secured against your business assets, which put them at risk if you fail in repayment. Bill Discounting : Some bank provide short-term loan by discounting bill of exchange. In such cases bank deduct discount while making payment. The amount of discount is generally equal to the amount of interest for the remaining period of payment. The advantages and disadvantages from this source are following. 4When these document is presented before the bank for discounting, banks credit the amount to customers account after deducting discount. The amount of discount is equal to the amount of interest for the period of bill. Advantages of Bill Discounting: Availability of cash The drawer gets cash immediately by the discounting bill. He does not have to wait for the payment until the expiry of credit period mansion on the bill. Security Bank normally do not ask for any other security while making payment against the bill discounted. However if customer is interested, banks also grant him limit for discounting of bill. This limit is identify as a limit against discounting bill. Nature of liability for repayment Repayment of money advanced against discounted bill is the responsibility of the drawee of bill of exchange. In case drawee does not pay or refuse the pay, the drawer who got payment after discounting the bill is held responsible for payment. Disadvantages of Bill Discounting: Advance payment of interest While discounting a bill, bank deduct the discount and balance is credited in customers account. This discount is similar to the amount of interest for the remaining period of payment. Thus a person receiving money through discounting of bill has to offer advance interest on the amount of bill. Facility is subject to the parties credit Normally banks extend this facility after being satisfied with the credit of parties involved. Bank may be ask for some security. So, it is not a easy available facility. Problem when non-payment Bills not paid upon maturity are to be certified by Notary Public and a certain amount in the form of nothing is paid. Thus it became an additional burden. Customers Advances : The advance make by the customer against the value of order placed. Thus the remaining amount of goods to be supplied later. Let see more details about the advantages and limitations. Advantages of Customers Advances: Interest Free Amount offered as advance is interest free. Hence the funds are available without any involving problem. No Security The seller is not required to deposit any major security while demanding advance from the customer. Thus assets remain free of charge. Repayment Ones money received in advance will not be refunded. Hence there are no procedures for repayment. Disadvantages of Customers Advances: Limited amount Amount received from a customer is subject to the value of order. Borrowers demand may be more then the advance amount. Limited Period The period of advance amount is only up to the delivery goods. It cannot be renewed. Penalty Normally advances are subject to the condition that if goods are not delivered on time then order would be cancelled and advance amount would be refunded with interest. Instalment Credit : Instalment credit is a system under which a small payment is made at the time of taking the goods and remaining amount is paid in instalment. Generally instalment amount is including of interest. The advantages and limitations of this system are as under: Advantages of Instalment Credit: Ownership of asset Delivery of good is assured immediately on payment of down payment. Convenient payment of assets Costly assets which can not purchase directly with full payment can be purchase by instalment payment. Saving of one time investment If the price of asset is high and lumpsum amount is made then the business fund are blocked. In this case instalment credit leads to saving of one time investment. More facility for business If the facility of payment in instalment is available then business firm can afford to by new furniture, machinery or other necessary things. Thus, your business reputation looked in good condition by instalment credit. Disadvantages of Instalment Credit: Commitment for payment Payment in instalment is a commitment. So you have to pay your instalment in whatever condition of your business. Necessary to pay interest Payment of interest is necessary in this system. Generally sellers charge very high rate of interest. More interest If buyer fail to pay the instalment, seller sometimes impose penalty or additional interest. Loan from Co-operative bank : Co-operatives banks are good source of short-term finance. Membership is the primary condition for securing loan in this bank. This bank grant loans for personal and business purposes too. The advantages and limitations of this bank are as under: Advantages of Loan from Co-operative bank: These loans create a sense of thrift among the low-income group. Being a member of co-operative bank, the borrower can participate in the management. Loan generally granted at a lower rate of interest. Loan from this banks are easily available. Loans are given for good purposes that help to develop the financial and social status of the people. Sometimes these banks organise training program for member to familiars them with the various avenues of the business and regarding proper utilisation of loan money. Disadvantages of Loan from Co-operative bank: These loans are available only to members. Loan from this bank is available only for limited purposes. Co-operative banks depend on the supports of the government. So, government rules and regulations sometimes may be makes in trouble to the borrowers. These bank find it difficult to ensure repayment of loan money due to inadequate information about the need and utilisation of fund by the borrower. There is little scrutiny of the repaying capacity of the loan seeker at the time of granting loan. Medium Term Source of Finance Definition Medium term source of finance means fund does not require more then 3 years. Normally medium term funds are require by business for repairing and maintenance of machinery or other equipment. So firm get this finance from bank or other kind of source. Medium term source of finance: Leasing Public Deposit Mortgage Leasing : Leasing is the method of capital funding requirement. Leasing based on the principal that income is earned from the use of an asset. The advantages and limitations of leasing are following: Advantages of Leasing: Reduced initial cash flow The big advantage of leasing equipment is that the cost is spread over a number of years. You have not to pay the entire amount upfront. This can help to maintain cash flow. Poor cash flow is the main cause of small business and leasing can help you to keep it under better control. Budgeting Normally this is a fixed contract. So the amount can be worked into your business budget much more easily. Tax Advantages lease rentals are considered as an operating cost. So it is possible to deduct them from taxable profits. However, before the contract you should always check the equipment you are buying is eligible or not. Security When you lease the product, you are not owner of this product. It means the leasing company gives better security. You dont need any further security to be able to start a contract. Disadvantages of Leasing: No ownership Main disadvantage is that you are not the owner of the product. It means the leasing company is the owner during and after the lease. As you do not own the product, you are unable to sell it in the event it is no longer needed, and you cannot upgrade to a newer or better product without either paying off the remaining contract, or paying a large fee to cancel the contract. No sell As you are not owner of the product, you can not sell it. If you do not longer needed, you have to pay large fee to cancel the contract. Termination Leases are very difficult to terminate early. Long term expense Although leasing allow you to avoid paying a large amount, but after a long time it works out considerably more expensive. Over the period of standard lease, you pay the actual cost of product and other charges. Maintenance You are responsible for maintenance of the product. If you have not trained employee to fix the equipment, this could be more costly in the serio us fault. Some leasing company will allow you to cover maintenance cost but you have to pay some extra amount. Commitment Once you signed a lease contract, you are committed to making payment for the entire lease period even you stop using a property. Public Deposit : It is very old and popular source of finance. When modern banks were not established, people used to deposit their saving with reputed business. The maturity period for public deposit is minimum 6 months and maximum 3 years. The advantages and disadvantages of public deposit are following: Advantages of Public Deposit: Easy to deposit The method of borrowing money from public is very easy. It does not require many legal formalities. It has to be advertised to be newspaper. Easily available If companies have good reputation, they are able to obtain funds directly from public without any more financial difficulties. Income tax purpose Interest paid on this deposit is a deductible expenses for income tax. Fix rate The rate of interest on this deposit is fixed, it helps the company to play trading on equity, if the company is earning more then the rate of interest paid on public deposit. Flexibility Public deposit bring more flexibility in the structure of the capital of the company. These can be raised when needed and refunded when not needed. Disadvantages of Public Deposit: Insecurity Public deposits have no charge on the assets of the company. So it may be not safe to deposit saving in those companies which are not very popular. Uneconomical The rate of interest paid on public deposit may be low but there are other expenses like commission, which make it uneconomical. Short period Public deposits are available mainly for short period. So company cannot depend on it for a long time. Misuse The management may misuse your deposit. So in this case it is not secure. Bad effect on capital market It is an easy and cheaper source of raising money. Thus, more money deposited with the companies, there will be less investment in securities. Hence the capital market will not grow. Mortgage : A mortgage is a loan specially for the purchase of property. The borrower can use theirs own property as security for the loan. The advantages and limitations of mortgage are following: Advantages of Mortgage: Tax advantage The interest payment on the mortgage are tax deductible. Good cash flow With the use of mortgage, you are able to access to capital that you would not normally have access with nominal up-front payment and the flexibility in management of repayment plan. Cash flow management Mortgage plan are pre-set, so you can make plan for future cash management. Disadvantages of Mortgage: Collateral The nature of a mortgage require you to pledge the purchased property to the lender. When the mortgage is repaid, the owner is obligated to release the mortgage and is require to make available any government formalities. Defaults The lender may define a variety of events that will constitute a default on the mortgage, including failure to make any payment on time, bankruptcy, insolvency and breaches of any obligations in the mortgage agreement. Try to negotiate an advance written notice of any alleged default, with a reasonable amount of time to cure the default. Long Term Source of Finance Definition Long-term source of finance are those that are need over a longer period of time. Generally time duration may be more then 5 years. Long-term finance are needed for fund expansion, set up new office, buying new business or fixed assets like furniture, building, machinery, land etc. Funds require for this business is called long-term finance. The amounts of long-term capital depend upon the scale of business and nature of business. Following various sources of long-term finance and advantages and disadvantages of each source. Long-term source of finance: Shares Equity Share Preference Share Debentures Retained Earning Commercial Bank Loan Borrowing Shares : Shares is the main source of long-term finance. The joint stock companies issue shares to the general public. These shareholders are the owners of the company. There are two types of shares (1) Equity Share (2) Preference Share. Company divides its capital into units of particular value like  £10 each or  £200 each. Each unit is called share. Equity Share Dividend on these shares is paid after the fixed rate of dividend has been paid on the preference share. The rate of dividend is not fixed because it is depend upon the profit available. The equity shareholders control the affairs of the company and have an unlimited interest in the companys profit. The advantages and disadvantages of equity share are following: Advantages of Equity Share: [ For Shareholders ] Income Profit The equity shareholders are the residual claimants of the profit. The company may add to the profit by trading on equity. Thus equity capital may get dividend at high in good period. Rights Equity shareholders have right for voting to right persons as directors who can control and manage the affairs of the company. Transferable These shares are transferable units. The value of equity share goes up in the stock market with increase in profit of the concern. Advantages of Equity Share: [  [5]  For Limited Company ] A company can raised fixed capital by issuing equity shares without creating any charge on its fixed assets. The capital raised by issuing equity shares is not required to be paid back during the life time of the company. It will be paid back only if the company is wound up. There is no liability on the company regarding payment of dividend on equity shares. The company may declare dividend only, if there are enough profits. If a company raise more capital by issuing equity shares, it leads to greater confidence among the investors and creditors. Disadvantages of Equity Share: [ For Shareholders ] Irregular income The dividend on equity share is subject to availability of profit. If there are preference shareholders, they get first dividend before equity shareholders. Equity shareholders may get no dividend if company has not enough profit. Capital loss During recession period, the profit of the company come down and the rate of dividend also come down. Due to low rate of dividend the market value of equity shares goes down resulting in a capital loss to the investors. Dilution in control Each sale of equity shares dilutes the voting power of the existing equity shareholders. Equity shares are transferable and may bring about centralisation power in few hands. Impossible trading If equity shares alone are issued, the company cannot trade on equity. Over capitalisation If company issue more equity shares may result in over capitalisation. In that condition dividend per share is low which make bad effect on investor. High cost It cost more to finance with equity shares then with other securities as the selling costs and underwriting commission are paid at a higher rate on the issue of these shares. Speculation Equity shares of good companies are subject to hectic speculation in the stock market. Their prices change frequently which are not in the interest of the company. Disadvantages of Equity Share: [  [6]  For Limited Company ] No trading on equity Trading on equity means ability of a company to raise fund through preference shares, debentures and bank loan etc. On such funds the company has to pay at a fixed rate. This enables equity shareholders to enjoy a higher rate of return when profits are large. The major part of the profit earned is paid to the equity shareholders because borrowed funds carry only a fixed rate of interest. But if a company has only equity shares and does not have their preference shares, debentures or loans, it can not have the advantage of trading on equity. Conflict of interests As the equity share holders carry voting rights, groups are formed to corner the votes and grab the control of the company. There develops conflict of interest which is harmful for the smooth functioning of a company. Preference Share Rising capital by issue of these shares is a most important method of rising long-term funds. Preference shares are the shares, which carry initial rights over th e equity shares. These shares are receiving dividend at a fixed rate. All shareholders gets dividend regularly. The advantages and disadvantages of preference share are following: Advantages of Preference Share: Fixed income The dividend payable on preference shares is on fixed rates even if there is no profit. First right Preference shareholders have first right to get dividend. Thus they enjoy the minimum risk. Less capital losses As the initial right of repayment of their capital in case of winding up he company, it saves them from capital losses. Fair security Preference share are fair security for the shareholders during depression period when profit of the company are down. Disadvantages of Preference Share: No Voting right Preference shareholders have no any voting rights in the company. Fixed income The dividend payable on preference shares is on fixed rates even if the company earns higher profit. No claim on surplus amount The shareholders have no rights to claim on surplus amount. They can only ask for the capital investment in the company. Not secure They cannot be secure on the companys assets. Debentures : Whenever company want to borrow a large amount of money for long but fixed period, it can borrow from the general public by issuing loan certificate called debenture. The holders of the debentures are the creditors of the company. The total amount is divided into units of fixed amount. These are offered to the genera public to subscribe in the same manner as in done in the case of share. A debenture is issued under the common seal of the company. It is a written acknowledgment of money borrowed. For example, if company need  £5,000,000 for 10 years, it will issued debentures. Each cost of debenture may be  £100. Advantages of Debentures: Creditors Debenture holders are the creditors of the company. Allowing control over the company Debenture holders have no right either to vote or take part in the management of the company. Reliable Source These are repayable after a fixed period of time, the company can make the best use of money. It helps long term planning. Tax benefit Interest paid on debenture is treated as a expense and is charged to the profit of the company. Thus the company saves income tax. Safety Debenture are more secure. When the company is winding up, they are repayable before any payment is made to the shareholders. Disadvantages of Debentures: More finance more difficulty Debenture finance enables a company to trade on equity. But more finance leaves little for shareholders, as most of the profits may be require paying interest on debentures. Burden in time of depression During depression time the profit of the company decline. It may be difficult to pay interest on debenture. As interest goes on accumulating, it may lead to the closure of the company. Cant borrow money Usually debentures are secure. The company creates a charge on its assets in favour of debenture holders. So the company, which does not have own enough assets, they cannot borrow money by issuing debentures. Burden As the interest on debenture have to be paid every year whether there are profits or loss. It becomes burden in case of company incurs loses. Retained Earning : The part of the profit which is not distributed among the shareholders but is retained and is used in business is called retained earning. As per Indian company Act. Co mpanies are require to transfer a part of their profit in reserves. The amount so kept in reserve may be used to buy fixed assets. This is called internal financing. Advantages of Retained Earning: Cheap There are no expenses behind earning capital from this source. There is no obligation on the part of the company either to pay interest or pay back the money. It can safely used for business. Financial Stability A company which has enough reserves can face ups and downs in business. Such companies can continue with their business even in depression, thus building up its goodwill. Good for shareholders Shareholders may get dividend out of reserves if the company does not earn enough profit. Due to reserve, there is capital appreciation, i.e. the value of shares go up in the share market. Disadvantages of Retained Earning: If Huge profit This method of financing is possible only then there are huge profits and that too for many years. Dissatisfaction When funds accumulate in reserves, bonus shares are issued to the shareholders to capitalise such funds. Hence the company has to pay more dividend. By retained earning the real capital does not increase while the liability increases. In case bonus shares are not issued, it may create a situation of under-capitalisation because the rate of dividend will be much higher as compared to other companies. Monopoly Through ploughing back of profits, companies increase their financial strength. Companies may throw out their competitors from the market and monopolize their position. Mis-management of funds Capital accumulated through retained earnings encourages management to spend carelessly. Commercial Bank Loan : Some commercial banks giving loans for a long period. i.e. for more than ten year. The period of repayment of long is extended at int ervals long period. Commercial banks provide long term finance to small scale units in the priority sector. Advantages of Commercial Banks Loan  [7]  : It is a flexible source of finance as loans can be repaid when the need is met. Finance is available for a definite period, hence it is not a permanent burden. Banks keep the financial operations of their clients secret. Less time and cost is involved as compared to issue of shares, debentures etc. Banks do not interfere in the internal affairs of the borrowing concern, hence the management retains the control of the company. Loans can be paid-back in easy installments. In case of small-scale industries and industries in villages and backward areas, the interest charged is low. Disadvantages of Commercial Banks Loan : Banks require personal guarantee or pledge of assets and business cannot raise further loans on these assets. In case the short-term loans are extended again and again, there is always uncertainty about this continuity. Too many formalities are to be fulfilled for getting term loans from banks. These formalities make the borrowings from banks time consuming and inconvenient. Borrowing 8 : Most business rely on borrowings as well as equity to finance operations. Lenders enter into a contract with the business in which the rate of interest, dates of interest payment, capital payments and security far the borrowing are clearly stated. In the event that the interest payment or capital payments are net made on the due dates, the lender will usually have the right, under the terms of the contract, to seize the asset on which the loan is secured and sell them in order to reply the amount outstanding, security for loan may take the form at a fixed charge on particular assets at th e business or a floating charge on the whole at its assets. A floating charge will float over the assets and will only fix on particular assets in the event that the business defaults on its borrowing obligations. Advantages of Borrowing  [9]  : Local savers may provide less costly funds; an important habit among clients and the public is rewarded. Lower interest loans provide experience for the company in borrowed funds Local bank become familiar with micro and small enterprise potentials. Access to larger sums more quickly based on track record. Allow longer term projections than grants Provides a discipline similar to that of micro and small enterprise clients. Disadvantages of Borrowing : Too many subsidized loans can retard move to market rate. Loans may be dollarized in inflationary situation. Local banks may not be willing to be cooperative. Early negotiations require a new set of skills and contracts. More tricky cash flow management as principal is repaid. More risky as debt holders can force closure of company Substantial initial collateral requirements. Higher financial costs force organizational decisions and changes.

The United Way Of Champaign County - 1427 Words

oduction I. Attention Getter: In nearly every city you visit, including Champaign and Urbana we see homeless people on the streets II. Relate topic: When we think of the homeless we often think of the corner of Green Sixth, the viaduct on Springfield Avenue, or the entrance to any of the three local Wal-marts. III. Thesis: The United Way of Champaign County utilizes their resources to provide aid to the local homeless population. IV. Preview: To begin we will see how homelessness is a local issue, then I will talk about the homeless programs that were eliminated in 2016, finally I will introduce the United Way of Champaign County. TRANSITION: To begin, we will talk about the growing number of homeless people locally. Body I.†¦show more content†¦b. There are 2 categories within the count sheltered, or living in homeless housing and unsheltered, meaning a car or tent, 18 individuals in the 2016 survey were considered unsheltered this count nearly doubled from the 10 unsheltered in 2015 2. The survey looks at the specific makeup of the homeless population and risk factors that affect the group. a. At least 5 of the individuals surveyed are considered chronically homeless, meaning that they have a disabling condition and have been homeless four or more times in a 3-year span or that they have been homeless for at least a year. b. 23 individuals had a severe mental illness, 28 were addicted to illegal drugs or alcohol, 2 people had HIV or Aids, 18 single men were veterans, and 31 people had been victims of domestic violence. TRANSITION: Next, we will see how funding and service shortages affect the homeless resources in Champaign County. II. MP2: During 2016 financial shortfalls leading to agency cutbacks and closures affected the Champaign County homeless resources. A. A June 2016 The News-Gazette article discussed the programs cut by Community Elements because of funding, this Champaign County agency assists both homeless men through the TIMES program and youths through the Roundhouse program. 1. State of Illinois Budget cuts decreased the Community Elements 2016 budget from 8.4 million dollars at the start of the year to 7.3Show MoreRelatedCommunity Health Status Assessment ( Chsa )1128 Words   |  5 PagesHealth Status Assessment (CHSA) is one phase of MAPP process. It identifies how healthy the residents in Champaign’s County Illinois are, and what is the current health status of the community. CHSA also detects the quality of life of the population within the community (National Association of County City Health Officials, 2014). From data of this phase of MAPP process, Champaign County Illinois could understand where they are in comparison to the State of Illinois and the nation. CHSA data includesRead MoreFirst Amendment Paper1414 Words   |  6 Pagesin the United States of America. In this paper I will look at three provisions to the First Amendment, highlighting one case for each provision. Included are one case to discuss freedom of speech, one case to discuss separation of church and state and one case to discuss freedom of association. 1.) Discuss at least one Supreme Court case of significance related to three of the provisions of the First Amendment. Case number 1: Cohen v. California, 403 U.S. 15 (1971), this was a United States SupremeRead MoreThe Controversy Regarding The Practice And Effectiveness Of The Current United States Education System1905 Words   |  8 Pages â€Æ' EXECUTIVE SUMMARY This paper is designed to address four major controversies concerning the practice and effectiveness of the current United States education system and discuss potential solutions to these issues. The four controversies we will be addressing are; o Lack of student centered learning o Religion in public schooling o Lack of importance the US government places on higher level education o Need for more focus on thinking 1. The lack of student centered learning is an issue becauseRead MoreMy Academic Experience At Mchenry County College1737 Words   |  7 Pagesexperience at McHenry County College has helped me grow as a future scholar. At first, I had little knowledge of what to expect from community college. The rigorous coursework I have undertaken has taught me the importance of taking responsibility for my own academic success. I am accountable for any oversight I make and adapting upon what I have previously learned. Communicating with my professors, managing my time effectively, and concentrating on my future are just a few ways I am maturing. â€Å"YouRead MoreLack Of Student Centered Learning2018 Words   |  9 PagesWhy it should be used today 3 Government Devotion 5 Religion in Public Schooling 6 Background 6 Present day 7 Executive Summary This paper is designed to address three major controversies concerning the practice and effectiveness of the current United States education system and discuss potential solutions to these issues. The four controversies we will be addressing are; †¢ Lack of student centered learning †¢ Religion in public schooling †¢ Lack of importance the US government places on higher levelRead MoreThe Warren Court And The Supreme Court2116 Words   |  9 Pagesand long-lasting ways. The Warren Court took place during a period of rapid change in American history, leading it to produce many impactful decisions that influenced the course of federal and state laws for decades, as it took a judicial activist stance on how it approached decision-making in cases regarding civil rights, the right to privacy, criminal due process, voting rights and election law, as well as the first amendment. The Warren Court led the judicial system in the United States for sixteenRead MoreExercise Can Prevent Obesity Essay1789 Words   |  8 PagesApproximately 35.1% of adults are considered obese in the United States (University of Maryland). This strikingly large percentage of the population forcefully indicates that obesity is not an issue that one can turn a blind eye to. In fact experts at the University of Maryland Medical Center say, â€Å"†¦more than half of American adults are likely to be obese by 2030,† (University of Maryland). It is a shocking reality that Americans must recognize as a serious health concern before obesity consumesRead MoreReligious Freedom Essay3039 Words   |  13 PagesThe United States of America was founded with a credo of religious freedom. They hoped to change the vicious cycle of religious persecution and intolerance that had been swirling through Europe for centuries. Over the last two hundred years this legacy has been shredded and s tained. Our religious freedoms have been taken away by people who have twisted what our country was founded to protect. The North American continent was settled by thousands of refugees from different religious persecutionsRead More Gangs and Violence in California Essay3549 Words   |  15 Pagesme think what contributed to this situation and how it can be eradicated from today’s society so this will never happen to any of our youth. The solutions provided in this document are a response to the growing need for schools, school districts, county offices of education, and state legislatures to address youth gangs. Children are our greatest asset in the world today: They give parents the greatest feeling in the world. Parents go through their children’s fears, disappointments and tearsRead MoreEssay on Jimmy Johns Competitive Forces Model2075 Words   |  9 PagesJimmy John’s Introduction The first Jimmy John’s was created in 1983 in Champaign, Illinois, by Jimmy John Liautaud. Liautaud founded Jimmy John’s on the idea of providing the gourmet sandwiches for a low price. The first Jimmy Johns was run out of a garage with used equipment, and without an ice machine for the drinks because there wasn’t any room. Liautaud grew interest in his sandwiches by giving out free samples to people around town, especially college students. As word spread about his

Management Information Systems Essay Example For Students

Management Information Systems Essay 1. General Motors has several internal and external influences that are challenging them to reduce their operating costs and become more efficient. In doing an analysis of the General Motors using Porters Competitive Model these influences become clear and opportunities for the company to reduce costs and increase efficiency using information systems becomes obvious. Porters Competitive Model is a model used to describe the interaction of external influences; specifically threats and opportunities that affect an organizations strategy and ability to compete Laudon Laudon, 2005, p. 103. Starting at the center of the model is the current industry, which includes General Motors and their typical competitors, such as, Ford, DaimlerChrystler, and the Japanese Laudon Laudon, 2005. All of these traditional competitors are able to produce cars at a much cheaper cost than General Motors. Looking at the supplier portion of the competitive forces model, part of the reason General Motors was u nable to produce cars inexpensively in comparison to their competitors was that they were producing a lot of their own parts. Their competitors were able to purchase parts from outside vendors at lower prices. General Motors viewed this as an opportunity and has since shed a lot of workers and factories and are currently searching everywhere for the lowest prices on parts. Also General Motors was very slow at producing cars because of old information systems and outdated processes. A lot of General Motors systems could not communicate with each other, which was causing a major lag in the production of automobiles. By integrating these systems they were able to become faster and leaner and were able to increase their customer focus Laudon ; Laudon, 2005. In the competitive forces model, General Motors also has influence from new products and services to reduce costs and increase efficiency. General Motors wants to experiment with new ways to serve their customers, one of which was on line shopping, allowing customer to shop for car models and colors online and giving them dealerships in the area that were currently in possession of the car they preferred. By utilizing the Internet, GM was able to provide additional services to their customers and allow them to also purchase vehicles online. General Motors also found an opportunity to build vehicles to order. This allows them to reduce the cost of inventory and sales incentives by finding ways to make cars that customers have actually ordered Laudon ; Laudon, 2005. Another new technology-based service General Motors has been experimenting with is called OnStar. OnStar is a navigation, Internet, safety, and communications capability that is available on a majority of GM models. Customers have to subscribe to the service but with the service they receive roadside assistance, stolen-vehicle tracking, and concierge support such as making dinner reservations Laudon ; Laudon, 2005, p. 111. OnStar is a comprehensive ser vice, however, has not been successful in gaining interest of a lot of GM customers. New entrants to the automotive market have been a threat to General Motors. Some of these entrants include Nissan and Hyundai. Although, they have been around for a while, they are increasingly gaining a large portion of the market and have been very efficient in product development and bringing new models to the market quickly. In response to this threat General Motors has attempted to stream line their product development portion of their business. In the past, General Motors would have to go through several departments and systems to take a car from design phase to actual production. The average was typically 48 months for this process. After some analysis, General Motors has formed a single committee that now handles the entire product development process. They removed all of their former design and engineering systems and replaced them with a single system called EDSs Unigraphics Laudon Laudon , 2005, p. 112. Everyone involved in the committee has access to this new system and are able to access from a web-based interface to share three-dimensional designs Laudon Laudon, 2005. It now takes General Motors approximately 18 months from initial design to production. Customers also play a part in the competitive forces model. General Motors still struggles in changing potential and actual customers perception of the company from a second rate automobiles compared to their competitors. With the Internet service and new product development technique they hope to change this perception and bring new automobiles and services to these customers. Information technology has played a large role in the redesign of General Motors. They have been able to successfully reduce operating costs by becoming more efficient and competitive. They have integrated several systems and have stream lined internal processes to reduce costs and have also utilized the Internet to gain new customers and aid in sales of automobiles. General Motors will need to continue using information systems to gain advantages over their competitors and to stay a major competitor in the automotive market. 2. Within the last few years preventing future terrorism attacks like the one that occurred on September 11th has become a major concern for both citizens and the government of the United States and globally. In response to this concern, governments and their organizations have created massive databases of personal information on citizens and whom they think could be potential terrorists. These databases have brought up questions of social and ethical issues regarding citizens privacy and rights in regards to the information being collected. Drug and Alcohol Abuse EssaySince this technology reaches customers globally, businesses need to ensure that their new systems are capable of supporting international customers. Language and cultural barriers can create a chaotic environment but with the right system and business processes this challenge can become obsolete Laudon Laudon, 2005. When building the information architecture companies must be aware of what they currently need to do business, but also allow the system to be upgraded in the future for changes that may occur. Business is changing rapidly and the system that they create should allow them to adapt to these changes and not hinder them. Hardware and software should be compatible and allow information to flow freely. This is crucial in the design process Laudon Laudon, 2005. A final challenge of management is in regards to responsibility and control. They need to find a way to ensure that proper security is stored and sensitive information is only handled by those that need it to do their job. Although they want the information shared they also need to have control of the information Laudon Laudon, 2005. Internet technology is crucial to a companys success in regards to reducing operating costs and increasing efficiency. It can provide the company with new customers and streamline business processes. However, there are some management challenges that need to be addressed when using this technology. If the company is aware of these challenges and addresses them successfully the full potential of this technology will be reached. 4. Information systems and technology is allowing businesses to reach consumers in ways that they were unable to do before. One such method is direct sales over the web, where manufacturers are now cutting out the intermediary and directly selling to the consumer. This process is called disintermediation Laudon ; Laudon, 2005, p. 123 and is allowing consumers to purchase goods at a cheaper cost by eliminating the middleman who would typically raise the price in order to make a profit. Web personalization has also made a large impact on consumers. Web personalization is the tailoring of web content directly to a specific user Laudon ; Laudon, 2005, p. 123. Basically when a customer visits a website and either purchases a good or views certain items the web page alters according to each customers preference. For example, at Amazon.com if a certain book is purchased the next time that customer logs on there is a suggested list of books that are similar to the one previously purchased ar e listed that Amazon.com finds may be of interest to that customer based on there previous purchase. Many websites are using web personalization because it allows them to provide customer service and a sales tactic without having an actual salesperson present. It also makes the customer feel as if they are being catered to and that they are valued Laudon ; Laudon, 2005. Data is also collected from purchases of customers to find what is the best selling product so that the company can keep plenty of that product in stock. For example, Dillons stores in Wichita uses what is called a Plus Card which keeps the information of the customer contains the customers demographic information. Every time the customer uses their plus card Dillons keeps track of what is being purchased. Items that are popular can be put on sell to increase revenue or inventory can be updated to provide for these items. Besides being used as a marketing tool, businesses also use the Internet to provide customer service. Instead of having a call center where a customer needs to talk to a physical person they can use the Internet and browse frequently asked questions to get information or answers. They also can send emails to the business and expect a response in little time. Using the Internet for customer service allows the customer to be in control and tailors to the customers tim e schedule. There are many benefits in using technology to gain customer information. The most popular is as a marketing function to provide customers with the products that are most popular. Also, it allows them to provide salesman type services without a physical salesperson or customer service representative. This is saving businesses money by reducing the cost of employing this person and is tailoring to the flexibility needs of the ever-demanding consumer. ReferencesLaudon, K.C. ; Laudon, J. P. 2005. Essentials of Management Information Systems: Managing the Digital Firm. Upper Saddle, NJ: Pearson Education Inc.

How to Write the First Clinical Interview Report free essay sample

Somewhere, sometime, as a mental health clinician we might conceivably do an evaluation and provide a complete course of treatment, or in our case, a complete document of first clinical interview of a patient. Regardless of where you work or who your patient may be, you will have to communicate your findings to someone. Working in hospitals, university counseling centers, community clinics, or private practices; you will commonly share your reports with psychiatrists, and any other medical personnel. And the reports that you prepared for your first clinical interviews will be one of those shared reports. I. The Aims of Report Writing for the First Clinical Interview According to Cansever (1982), the aim of the psychological assessment report is to present the patient’s personality and to recommend the ways that will help the patient to solve his/her problems. However, in order to draw up a psychological assessment report, a clinical psychologist gathers information from three sources: interviews, observations, and psychological test results. We will write a custom essay sample on How to Write the First Clinical Interview Report or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page For this semester and for this course; however, we only have a very first part of these three sources, namely first clinical interview. Nevertheless, in my opinion, the aim of the clinical psychologist may not be so different while he/she is writing a report of first clinical interview from the one while he/she is reporting the whole psychological assessment procedure. The aim is again to present the â€Å"patient† to others, and also to declare need of further information (from tests etc. ), to declare the treatment plan–if it is decided to begin the treatment, and if it is applicable–, and prognosis; all depending on the information that can be collected during a first session. In addition, I think, simply to keep a record of the first session or to use it as a rich educational resource in academic settings can be some of the purposes while writing a first interview report. II. The Organization of the Written Report (Morrison, 2008) It is highly necessary to organize your findings before writing them. II. a. Identifying Data The identifying data provide the reader with a framework upon which to construct a mental image of the patient whose history you are reporting. In the first lines of the report, you state the basic demographic data, including age, sex, marital status, education, and any other item that seems relevant. In any case, you should note that the patient either is new to your facility or has been seen there before. II. b. The Chief Complaint The chief complaint is the patient’s stated reason for coming to treatment. It is often written as a direct quote, but sometimes you may want to paraphrase or summarize it–especially when it is vague, long-winded, or multifaceted. Moreover, a clinician may cite two chief complaints: one from the patient, and the other from a relative, friend, or other informant. This double reporting is especially useful for patients who are too confused or too uncooperative to respond appropriately when you request the information. In our reports written as a requirement of this course, of course, there will not be a chief complaint section since the individuals who we will be interviewing will not come to the session due to a complaint, rather they will be there to â€Å"help† us. II. c. Informants Briefly state the names of those whom you have obtained your information from, and estimate the reliability of each. Besides the patient, mention relatives, friends, other health care workers, and old charts; that is to say, mention anything or anyone you have used to help visualize the picture of the patient. II. d. History of the Present â€Å"Illness† This section is the most important of the entire report. When you are writing up the history of the present â€Å"illness†, keep in mind several rules. 1. This should be a chronological history. Like all good stories, this one should have a beginning, some development, and an ending. In most cases, it will begin with the onset of the first episode of illness. For example, it may be marked with an opening phrase like this: â€Å"Mr. Jackson was well until age 30, when he suffered the first of several episodes of depression. † In this single economical sentence, note that the reader is alerted to (1) the principal area of clinical interest (mood disorder: depression), (2) the age of onset, (3) the fact that Mr. Jackson’s problem is not a new one, and (4) the patient’s good health during the decade of his adult life prior to the onset of his illness. The additional information should proceed more or less chronologically, ending with the reasons that made your patient to enter the treatment at this time. 2. Support your best diagnosis/diagnostic impression/clinical conceptualization. This means that your writing should form a picture in which history, mental status, and possible diagnosis are mutually supportive portions of a consistent whole. 3. If the story is complicated, try to disentangle it. One way to accomplish this is to leave until later details that don’t support your best â€Å"diagnosis†. This less relevant information can be included later in the personal and social history. You can also present distinct themes as separate paragraphs in your history of the present illness. After describing your patient’s depressive illness, which was actually the cause of his coming to the session, you might continue as follows: â€Å"In addition to his depression, Mr. Jackson has also had a problem with cross-dressing. This began at about the age of 6. † 4. Edit your material so as not to make the readers learn far more than they will need to know. To boil down your material, you can summarize previous treatment in a line or two, categorize hospitalizations, and list symptoms of a typical episode. This saves your reader from multiple repetitions of essentially identical information. As Platt and McMath (1979) have noted, â€Å"The present illness should be an elaboration of these primary data, not a saga of medical care. † 5. Include significant negatives that helped you choose the most likely â€Å"diagnosis† on a differential list. They should be reported in your history of the present illness, along with the important positive answers: â€Å"Although Mr. White said that he felt severely depressed in the week since he lost his job, he denied insomnia, loss of appetite, and lack of interest in sex. † 6. Report your findings in plain language. Your readers may include people who are unaccustomed to the jargon of the mental health field. Short sentences and active verbs will demonstrate the clarity of your thinking. Avoid abbreviations other than commonly used ones. 7. The person is a person, not a case. It is considered bad form to refer to patients as â€Å"this manic† or â€Å"this schizophrenic†. Always strive to refer to your patient as â€Å"this person† or â€Å"this patient/client with schizophrenia†. Such wording helps to preserve the reader’s feeling for the humanity of your patient. II. e. Personal and Social History II. e. 1. Childhood through Adult Life Chronological sequence is again very important in this section. Therefore, begin with birth and early childhood, and proceed through education, military experience (if any), sexuality, marriage, work history, legal history, and religion. You can use either a paragraph or outline style. In this section, strive to present a reasonably complete picture of your patient’s background. Even so, you should generally omit data already covered in the history of the present illness. Edit out the anecdotes and trivial details which patients invariably illustrate their life stories with. You should include important negatives, such as the absence of childhood sexual abuse in a patient you suspect of borderline personality disorder. Also include important past positives, such as previous drug or alcohol abuse, which you have omitted from the history of the present illness because they no longer affect your patient’s life. II. e. 2. Family History It is important/useful to report the family history in a separate paragraph in order to emphasize the biological and environmental effects that families can have on the development of the adult individual. Include the data you have obtained for physical as well as mental disorders. When reporting the mental disorders, be sure to include not just the diagnosis, but also whatever data you have obtained that would substantiate (or refute) that diagnosis. Moreover, if the patient was adopted or if the family history is completely negative, report so and move on. II. e. 3. Medical History Mention any operations, major medical illnesses, current and recent medications, and hospitalizations for reasons not related to mental health. Mention any habits such as the use of tobacco or alcohol. II. e. 4. Review of Systems Mention any positive responses to your questioning about past and present physical problems. If somatization disorder has been a consideration in the differential diagnosis, list the symptoms you detected in that disorder’s specialized review of systems. II. f. Mental Status Examination For many patients, much of the mental status examination will be normal and can therefore be covered briefly. In describing your patient’s mental status, keep in mind which details would be needed to support or refute the â€Å"diagnoses† You should report not only positive information, but also the important negatives. Describe the patient’s general appearance and clothing; contrast apparent age with stated age. Be sure to mention all aspects of affect with their lability and appropriateness. When you are trying to describe abnormalities, don’t use general terms such as â€Å"bizarre† or â€Å"peculiar†. Instead, take the trouble to choose words and phrases that are truly descriptive: Instead of â€Å"The patient’s clothing was strange† say, â€Å"The patient was dressed in a tutu and bodystocking hand-stitched from old flour sacking. † Remember that written mental health records are legal documents. They can be cited by lawyers and requested by patients themselves, so make sure that your tone and wording will withstand scrutiny. Avoid jokes, complaints, and any other comments that should be kept private. If you need to express an opinion that could be considered unpleasant, qualify the statement by admitting that this is your inference: â€Å"Her manner seemed seductive †¦Ã¢â‚¬  â€Å"He appeared to be intoxicated †¦Ã¢â‚¬  Moreover, be sure to mention any abnormalities of association, as well as rate and rhythm of speech. Use examples with direct quotes both to show the flavor of the patient’s speech and to provide a baseline for judging later change. The patient’s content of thought is another aspect you should describe briefly. It will generally mirror what you have already mentioned in the history of the present illness: â€Å"The patient’s content of thought largely concerned his past infidelities and the fact that his wife was about to leave him. He expressed no delusions, hallucinations, obsessions, or phobias. † When your patient has language deficits, state what they are, and also give an example of what you mean. In reporting cognitive abilities, it is not sufficient simply to mention that the patient was â€Å"normal† or â€Å"intact†. You should note that what tests you made (during a first session), the responses given, and how you interpret the responses. In reporting insight and judgment, you will usually have to make an interpretation (such as excellent, good, fair, or poor), but be sure to cite your reasoning. III. Case Formulation In the case formulation, you attempt to synthesize all that has been learned about the patient’s past in order to point the way toward a better future. There are several reasons for preparing a formulation: To focus your thinking about the patient, to summarize the logic behind your â€Å"diagnoses†/decisions, to identify future needs for information and treatment, and to present a brief summary of the patient. While doing a formulation, a number of formats can be used; some of them are so involved that they risk presenting again all the material you have just covered. The method presented here combines the advantages of brevity, completeness, and simplicity. A sample formulation is composed of the sections as follows: Brief Recapitulation, Differential â€Å"Diagnosis†, Best â€Å"Diagnosis†, Contributing Factors, Further Information Needed, Treatment Plan, and Prognosis. The two most important sections of the formulation are the differential diagnosis and the contributing factors. They contain the original thinking you will do in putting together all the material you have collected. III. a. Brief Recapitulation Following some minimal identifying data, state the symptoms and course of the present illness as based on the facts in the history of the present illness and the mental status examination. Draw from all parts of your report (as needed): â€Å"Mrs. Johnson is a 27-year-old married woman with two previous hospitalizations for a psychosis that has been previously called schizophrenia. For 3 weeks she has stayed in her room, fasting and ‘preparing for the end of the world,’ which she says she has caused. Her husband brought her to the hospital when he became concerned about her weight loss. † III. b. Differential â€Å"Diagnosis† Each of the possible diagnoses in your differential listing is presented with the principal arguments for and against it. Consider Axis I and Axis II disorders. III. c. Best â€Å"Diagnosis† State the diagnosis you favor (disorder you suspect), why you have chosen it, and the authority (e. g. , DSM-IV). Note that your best â€Å"diagnosis† may not be the one highest in the hierarchy. For example, a cognitive disorder must always be ruled out first, but it frequently is not the most likely diagnosis. III. d. Contributing Factors Here you describe how the various factors you have identified contributed to the development of your patient’s main problems. Where applicable, mention biological, dynamic, psychological, and social factors. Depending on the material you have identified, this section could be long or short. III. e. Further Information Needed Briefly cover interviews, tests, and records you may need to firm up the â€Å"diagnosis†/decision. III. f. Treatment Plan Outline your recommendations for treatment such as psychological (e. g. , psychotherapy focused on feelings of guilt and grief) and social (e. g. , assistance with financial planning, education of the patient’s family regarding his/her disorder) III. g. Prognosis In order to declare the prognosis, the clinical psychologist asks the question of â€Å"What is likely outcome for this patient? † â€Å"Mrs. Johnson is expected to recover completely. Psychological and social intervention plans may prevent subsequent episodes. † IV. An Outline for the First Clinical Interview Report (Cansever, 1982) In order to present you an outline for the first clinical interview report, I used the relevant sections (i. e. , section regarding the first interview) of psychological assessment report that was outlined in Cansever (1982) (pp. 270-271) and translated them into English. That is to say, I simply changed the title of the report and eliminated the sections regarding the discussions of psychological test results in order to emphasize the difference of first interview report from the report of a whole interview process (See in Appendix A). In the outline of Cansever (1982), there is no section that assesses the risks of suicide and homicide; however, (as applicable) presence of ideation, plan, imminence, and risk levels of both suicide and homicide must be indicated. V. Some Issues to Be Considered in Report Writing If a psychological assessment (e. g. first clinical interview) is not employed under preferred/standard conditions, this should be noted in the report since it affects the symptoms of the patient. It should also be noticed that psychological assessment report cannot be a series of assumptions or vague statements. That is to say, the idiosyncratic aspects/symptoms of the patient and causes of them must be reported confidently (Cansever, 1982). Furthermore, it should be noted that the psychologist must not only understand the person who has been the subject of his/her investigation, but he/she must know the degree of psychological sophistication of the recipient of the report (Stapleford, 1955). However, recent graduates indicated that they had not been taught to provide and explain data in a way understandable to non-psychologists (Harvey, 2006). In this website you can attain some further psychological report writing tips: http://www. msresource. com/psy_rpt. html VI. Common Mistakes Made During Report Writing While writing a report, a clinical psychologist may fall into some errors: Generalizations regarding the patient (comments that are appropriate for anyone, like the ones in horoscopes), exaggerations of symptoms (dramatizations), ignoring the positive aspects/strengths of the patient, failing to notice symptoms that are appropriate to context or culture, reporting unnecessary information about the patient, and simplifying the richness of the patient’s psychological aspects and dimensions of his/her personality (Cansever, 1982). VII. Summary All in all, via this presentation, I have tried to present you how to write a first clinical interview report by explaining the aims of report writing, organization of the written report, case formulation, Cansever’s outline, some issues to be considered, and common mistakes made in report writing. As a conclusion; I may contend that as you see in this picture, even if we have with the same inks with same amounts, we may end up with highly different paintings (i. e. , in our concepts: different assessments/reports). However, I believe that through education and hardworking, it is possible that we will be able to create same or similar paintings/reports. VIII. References Cansever, G. (1982). Klinik psikolojide degerlendirme yontemleri. Istanbul: Bogazici Universitesi. Harvey, V. S. (2006). Variables affecting the clarity of psychological reports. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 62(1), 5-18. Morrison, J. (2008). The first interview. (3rd ed. ). New York: Guilford Press. Plath, F. W. , McMath, J. C. (1979). Clinical hypocompetence: The interview. Annals of Internal Medicine, 91, 898-902. Stapleford, E. (1955). Review of writing clinical reports. Canadian Journal of Psychology, 9(1), 59. Appendix A First Clinical Interview Report (Confidential) Name of the Referring Person Date of Issuance Address of the Referring Person Name of the Patient/Interviewee Age of the Patient/Interviewee Date of First Clinical Interview Duration of the First Clinical Interview (First Section) The reason/reasons for the patient to enter the assessment procedure The aim of the assessment (i. e. , the first clinical interview) (Second Section) Description of the general appearance of the patient (e. g. , his/her physical health, clothing, motivation, reactions to be assessed, relationship with the clinical psychologist, cooperation, and salient characteristics of his/her personality) (Third Section) Mentioning the factors that has lead/contributed to the patient’s current complaint (e. g. , birth traumas, developmental disorders, physical illnesses, pathological processes within the family) (Fourth Section) Explaining life conditions that are related to the aim of the assessment (The patients’ and the family members’ educational, vocational, marital, and socio-economic status; the relationships of the patient with his/her family members, friends, and the individuals in school or job; his/her attitudes, values, rules, future expectations; his/her adaptive and non-adaptive behaviors, the positive and negative effects of those behaviors on the patient and his/her family; the factors that increases and decreases the complaints) (Fifth Section) Diagnostic impressions Explaining how positive and negative factors will change the future of the patient (i. e. , â€Å"onkestirim† estimation? ) (Last Section) Recommendations of the clinical psychologist to treat or reduce the symptoms of the patient (e. g. , medical or psychological treatment, educational interventions, etc. ) Sign of the clinical psychologist Note: This report has been written to help the specialist. It is crucial not to give the patient or his/her family overt information regarding its content.